Where the seabed meets the horizon – The Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park
The Wadden Sea, stretching from Den Helder in the Netherlands to Esbjerg in Denmark, is the largest contiguous tidal flat landscape in the world. This remarkable area is one of the last large wilderness regions in Central Europe—and it should remain that way! Since the 1970s, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany have collaborated to minimize human impact on this sensitive ecosystem. The goal is to protect and, if necessary, improve the ecological status of Wadden Sea habitats such as tidal flats, creeks, dunes, and salt marshes. One thing is clear: while the mudflats do not depend on humans, humans rely on them—for living, working, breathing, and marvelling at their beauty.
In Germany, Wadden Sea National Parks were established along the North Sea coast: in Schleswig-Holstein in 1985, in Lower Saxony in 1986, and in Hamburg in 1990. The Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park borders Denmark to the north and extends south to the mouth of the Elbe River. Covering an area of 4,410 square kilometres, it is Germany’s largest national park. It protects ecologically valuable mudflats, salt marshes, eelgrass meadows, and other marine habitats.
The park is home to around 10,000 plant and animal species. Approximately 250 of these species are found exclusively here. Numerous animals, such as marine worms and mussels, live hidden in the mudflats. Over 100 fish species and marine mammals like harbour seals, grey seals, and harbour porpoises inhabit its waters. Each year, 10 to 12 million birds use the Schleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park as a stopover site on their migratory routes. Around 100,000 pairs of birds raise their offspring in or near the mudflats. This makes the Wadden Sea the most bird-rich region in Central Europe and a crucial hotspot along the East Atlantic Flyway for coastal birds.
Geologically speaking, this region is relatively young; it was formed after the last Ice Age about 10,000 years ago. Wind, waves, and especially tides reshape it twice daily, making it an extraordinarily dynamic area. Due to its uniqueness and invaluable ecological significance, UNESCO designated the Wadden Sea as a World Heritage Site in 2009. The national park was also recognized as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 1990. This certification highlights regions where local communities live and work sustainably. In Schleswig-Holstein’s Wadden Sea National Park, sustainable practices have successfully balanced ecology with economic interests.
In 2025, this national park will celebrate its 40th anniversary. Forty years is a brief moment for nature but half a lifetime for humans. Over these decades, it has matured into a model of conservation where current challenges are met with determination for a future worth living—for both the Wadden Sea and its surrounding coastal environment.